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Stravino's AP Language and Composition Wikispace

1. Learning the definition, 2. Identifying the device when it appears in literature, and 3. Being able to discuss the effect or purpose of the device
 * Students will be expected to learn the following terminology. The study of terminology is a three-step process:

|| AP Terminology

 The process of proving or disproving the claim is thereby subverted, and the //argumentum ad hominem// works to change the subject. **//Ad hominem argument //** is most commonly used to refer specifically to the //ad hominem abusive//, or //argumentum ad personam//, which consists of criticizing or **attacking the person** who proposed the argument (**personal attack**) in an attempt to discredit the argument. It is also used when an opponent is unable to find fault with an argument, yet for various reasons, the opponent disagrees with it. ||  Ex.> “__S__he __s__ells __s__ea __s__hells by the __s__eashore.” ||  Ex.> One might contrast the life and tribulations of Frederick Douglass to the trials of Job. ||  Ex.>The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare. ||  Ex.> "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." —[|Yoda], [|//Star Wars//] ||  Ex.> *With the sheep * in the fold * and the cows * in their stalls ||  Ex.> “To raise a happy, healthful, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy. . .” – Hillary Clinton ||  Ex.>"I know what I like, and I like what I know.")  -a sub ‐ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">type of chiasmus.  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.>”Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.” - Barry Goldwater || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Bright star! Would I were steadfast” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This line of "reasoning" is fallacious because the fact that many people believe a claim __does not__, in general, serve as evidence that the claim is true. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Mr. Smith, my __coach__, is retiring. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered),” supposedly said by Julius Caesar. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> O mother, mother make my bed <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> O make it soft and narrow. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Since my love died for me today, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> I’ll die for him tomorrow. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">question || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An argumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evades or ignores the real question; supporting a claim with a reason that is really a restatement of the claim in different words || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> u / u / u / u / u <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> //"To err is human;// || to forgive, divine." by Alexander Pope || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A short poem consisting of five, usually unrhymed lines containing, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Any stanza of five lines || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Emphasizes the traditional and the universal, placing value on reason, clarity, balance, and order <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Traditionally taught in opposition to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Southern “y’all” || // <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">An apt explanation or illustration: //a scandal that is a sad commentary on national politics. <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A personal narrative; a memoir || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A fanciful, elaborate, surprisingly unusual, or particularly clever extended metaphor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Richard Selzer’s passage “The Knife” compares the preparation and actions of surgery to preparing for and conducting a religious service or a sacred ritual ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Absolute || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word free from limitations or qualifications ( “best,” “all,” “unique,” “perfect”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Abstract language || ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Adage || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A familiar proverb or wise saying ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">4. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ad Hominem //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Argument || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An argument attacking an individual’s character rather than his or her position on an issue ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">5. ////<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ad Hominem Tu Quoque // || <span style="background-color: #f8fcff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11pt;"> An **//ad hominem//** [|argument], also known as **//argumentum ad hominem//** ( [|Latin] : "argument to the man", "argument against the man") consists of replying to an argument or factual claim by attacking or appealing to a characteristic or belief of the source making the argument or claim, rather than by addressing the substance of the argument or producing [|evidence] against the claim.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Allegory || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Alliteration || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">8. Allusion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">9. Ambiguity || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Allows for two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action, or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">10. Anachronism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially a thing or person that belongs to an earlier time
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">11. Anadiplosis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">12. Analogy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way. The inference is that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects, they will probably agree in other respects. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">13. Anapestic foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A three-syllable foot that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">14. Anaphora || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">15. Anecdote || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">16. Annotation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Explanatory or critical notes added to a text ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">17. Antagonist || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The character or force that opposes the protagonist ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">18. Antecedent || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">19. Antimetabole || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">20. Antithesis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced in parallel construction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">21. Aphorism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">22. Apostrophe || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">23. Appeal to authority || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Appealing to the authority of a popular person rather than a knowledgeable one ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">24. Appeal to belief || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Appeal to Belief is a fallacy that has this general pattern:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Most people believe that a claim, X, is true.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Therefore X is true.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">25. Appositive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">26. Archaic diction || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">27. Archetype || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth, and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">28. Argument || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement put forth and supported by evidence ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">29. Aristotelian triangle || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">30. Assertion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">31. Assonance || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words. The alliteration example also demonstrates assonance: “She s__e__lls sea sh__e__lls by the sea shore>” ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">32. Assumption || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A belief or statement taken for granted without proof ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">33. Asyndeton || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">34. Atmosphere || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author’s choice of objects that are described. Frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events. (see mood) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">35. Attitude || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author’s feelings toward his or her subject, characters, events, or theme ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">36. Autobiography || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A history of a person’s life written or told by that person ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">37. Ballad || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A song or songlike poem that tells a story ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">38. Ballad Meter || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A four-line stanza rhymed abcb with four feet in lines one and three, and three feet in lines two and four
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">39. Balanced sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Characterized by parallel structure: two or more parts of the sentence have the same form, emphasizing similarities or differences. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">40. Bathos || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">41. Begging the
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">42. Blank Verse || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Unrhymed iambic pentameter – the meter of most of Shakespeare’s plays
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">43. Cacophony || Harshness in the sound of words or phrases  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">44. Canon || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">That which has been accepted as authentic, such as in canon law, or the “Canon according to the Theories of Einstein.” ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">45. Caricature || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A picture or imitation of a person’s features or mannerisms exaggerated in order to be comic or absurd ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">46. Ceasura || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A grammatical pause or break in a line of poetry (like a question mark), usually near the middle of the line. A caesura is usually dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics. In poetry scansion, a caesura is usually indicated by the symbol //. The caesura can also be used for rhetorical effect, as in//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">47. Chiasmus || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.") ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">48. Chronological narration || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Narrating an event in keeping with the sequence of events in time ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">49. Cinquain || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A group of five
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">50. Circumlocution || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of an unnecessarily large number of words or an indirect means of expressing an idea so as to effect an evasion in speech ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">51. Cite || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">52. Claim || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">In argumentation, an assertion of something as fact; the point or position one is trying to get the audience to accept ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">53. Classicism || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A movement or tendency in art, literature, and music reflecting the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and, principally, Rome
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">54. Classification || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A systematic arrangement into groups or categories according to established criteria ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">55. Clause || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A group of words containing a subject and its verb that may or may not be a complete sentence. In the sentence “When you are old, you will be beautiful,” the first clause (“When you are old”) is a dependent clause and not a complete sentence. “You will be beautiful” is an independent clause and could stand by itself. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">56. Cliché || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">57. Climax || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The point of highest interest in a literary work - the point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">58. Close reading || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">59. Colloquialism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing – the diction of the common, ordinary people, especially in a specific region or area
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">60. Commentary || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A series of explanations or interpretations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">61. Common ground || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Shared beliefs, values, or positions ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">62. Comparison and Contrast || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A mode of discourse in which two or more things are compared, contrasted, or both. On the 1993 English Language exam, students were asked to contrast two marriage proposals taken from literature, analyzed for the use the narrators made of rhetorical devices and their argumentative success ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">63. Complex Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">64. Compound Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">65. Compound-Complex Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A [|sentence] with at least two [|independent clauses] and one or more [|dependent clauses] (which can also be called subordinate clause) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">66. Conceit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, in particular an extended metaphor within a poem
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">67. Concession || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">68. Concrete Details || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">69. Concrete language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Concrete language identifies things perceived through the senses (touch, smell, sight, hearing, and taste), such as soft, stench, red, loud, or bitter. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">70. Conflict

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 71. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Person

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">72. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Society

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">73. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Self

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">74. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Nature

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">75. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Fate

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">76. Person vs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.5in;">Supernatural || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The problem or struggle in a story that triggers the action

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> One character has a problem with one or more of the other characters

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A character has a problem with some element of society, e.g., school, the law, the accepted way of doing things

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A character has a problem deciding what to do in a particular situation (internal conflict)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A character has a problem with some natural happening, e.g., the sea, an avalanche, the bitter cold, or any other element of nature

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A character has to battle what seems to be an uncontrollable problem. Whenever the problem seems to be a strange or unbelievable coincidence, fate can be considered the cause of the conflict

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A character has to battle an otherworldly entity such as a vampire, a werewolf, or evil personified || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anything that puzzles || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Aristotle’s conventions of tragedy || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">a two-line stanza || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> / u u / u u / u u / u u <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Love again * song again * nest again * young again || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Moving from the general to the specific || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Minnesotans say “you betcha” when they agree with you. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> On the AP Language Exam you must relate how a writer’s diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc. all come together to become the author’s style. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Characterization || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">What the author says directly about a character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Monologue || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A literary work (or part of a literary work) in which a character is speaking to another person who is silent but identifiable. The speaker’s words reveal something important about his or her own character. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “If women are healthy and educated, their families will flourish. If women are free from violence, their families will flourish. . .” – Hillary Clinton || code <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> code code <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Elephant','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-         <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> A statement that is not literally false but that cleverly code code <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">avoids an unpleasant truth code code <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Elephant','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-         <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">falsification by means of vague or ambiguous language code || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> (one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Earthly remains” rather than “corpse” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> -In a play or novel, that portion (generally at the beginning) that helps the reader understand the background or situation in which the work is set || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Metaphor || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A series of comparisons within a piece of writing. If they are consistently one concept, this is also known as a __conceit__ || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> (no known author) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> John Donne was known for his homilies. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> I cried rivers of tears. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> The iamb is the most common foot in English poetry <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> U / u / u / u / u <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> a jug * of wine * a loaf * of bread * and thou || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “The dollar is burning a hole in my pocket.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> “Her cheeks were rosy and so was my love – bursting with fragrance and softness.” Metaphor is used here with the images of rosy cheeks (the visual color) and the smell and feel of roses. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Eat your spinach.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Characterization || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">What a character thinks, says, feels, does; what others say about the character; the character’s physical description || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Moving from the specific to the general || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> //Ex.> Why look’st thou __so__? – with my cross__bow__// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> //I shot the Albatross.// || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “He was a man, tough.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Irony is used for many reasons, often to create poignancy or humor. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> crash, interface, delete, virus, bug are computer jargon || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> (one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> “It is the east and Juliet is the sun.” - Shakespeare || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Techniques || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Methods used in telling a story. These methods include (but are not limited to) point of view (of the writer), viewpoint (of a character), sequencing of events, manipulation of time, dialogue, or interior monologue. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts of the characters. || //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">If two competing theories explain a single phenomenon, and they both generally reach the same conclusion, and they are both equally persuasive and convincing, and they both explain the problem or situation satisfactorily, the logician should always pick the //less //complex one. The one with the fewer number of moving parts, so to speak, is most likely to be correct. The idea is always to cut out extra unnecessary bits, hence the name "razor." An example will help illustrate this.// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Suppose you come home and discover that your dog has escaped from the kennel and chewed large chunks out of the couch. Two possible theories occur to you. **(1)** Theory number one is that you forgot to latch the kennel door, and the dog pressed against it and opened it, and then the dog was free to run around the inside of the house. This explanation requires two entities (you and the dog) and two actions (you forgetting to lock the kennel door and the dog pressing against the door). **(2)** Theory number two is that some unknown person skilled at picking locks managed to disable the front door, then came inside the house, set the dog free from the kennel, then snuck out again covering up any sign of his presence, and then relocked the front-door, leaving the dog free inside to run amok in the house. This theory requires three entities (you, the dog, and the lock-picking intruder) and several actions (picking the lock, entering, releasing the dog, hiding evidence, relocking the front door). It also requires one to come up with a plausible motivation for the intruder--a motivation that is absent at this point. || //<span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A poem or stanza containing eight lines // || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(originally) a poem intended to be sung || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex. > “buzz” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “All people at some point had a biological father and mother.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “deafening silence” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> War protesters who “fight for peace” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Jane enjoys read__ing__, writ__ing__, and ski__ing__.” || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A term used in interpreting. Typically these are languages being spoken to (an) interpreter(s) that get translated to another language. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> The “poor starving children” approach to convincing the reader <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> (one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see logos and ethos) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Looking as if she were being chased by demons, ignoring all hazards, the child ran.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “Once again the heart of America is heavy. The spirit of America weeps for a tragedy that denies the very meaning of our land.” – Lyndon b. Johnson || reasoning" involves trying to discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information (be it true or false) about the person. This "argument" has the following form: # <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Unfavorable information (be it true or false) about person A is presented. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This sort of " reasoning" is obviously fallacious. The person making such an attack is hoping that the unfavorable information will bias listeners against the person in question and hence that they will reject any claims he might make. || //<span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- Post hoc is a particularly tempting error because temporal sequence appears to be integral to [|causality]. The fallacy lies in coming to a conclusion based //solely //on the order of events, rather than taking into account other factors that might rule out the connection.// || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Major premise: All mammals are __warm-bloodied__. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Minor premise: All __horses__ are mammals. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Conclusion: All __horses__ are __warm-bloodied__ (see syllogism) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The techniques of language an author may use to accomplish his purpose. These techniques include diction, imagery, detail, figurative language, syntax. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> “What is //the meaning of life?”// || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Satire aims to correct, by exposure or ridicule, deviations from normal conduct or reasonable opinion || Slippery Slope is a fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed. This "argument" has the following form: # <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Event X has occurred (or will or might occur). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This sort of "reasoning" is fallacious because there is no reason to believe that one event must inevitably follow from another without an argument for such a claim. This is especially clear in cases in which there are a significant number of steps or gradations between one event and another. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ex.> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">"We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester!" || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Compound words are examples of spondees (heartbreak, childhood, football). || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">Consciousness || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> sleepy //in// The travelers became sleepy//.// || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">Appropriate in tone and language for a wide-ranging audience, from students to specialists; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"> Informed, accurate, and balanced; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"> Clear, coherent, and easy to understand; <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;"> Mechanically correct and consistent in every respect. || //<span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">the highest degree of quality // || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> (“After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.”) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Bright sunshine symbolizes goodness and water is a symbolic cleanser. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in;">(Synaesthesia) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Describing one kind of sensation in terms of another (“a loud color,” “a sweet sound”) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> The characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> / u / u / u / u <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Ex.> Dou ble * dou ble * toil and * trou ble || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Also called a figure of speech || For example, "Houston is the worst city in the world," is a [|biased] or [|normative] statement. Application of a weasel word can give the illusion //of neutral point of view: "//Some people say //Houston is the nicest city in the world."// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">77. Connotation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The implied or associative meaning of a word as opposed to the literal meaning of the word ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">78. Consonance || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels, such as pitter-patter, splish-splash, and click-clack ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">79. Context || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">80. Controlling metaphor || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A metaphor that runs through an entire work and determines the form or nature of that work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">81. Conundrum || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A riddle, the answer to which involves a pun or play on words as “What is black and white and read all over? A newspaper.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">82. Convention || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An accepted manner, model, or tradition
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">83. Coordination || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and //or// but ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">84. Counterargument || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A challenge to a position; an opposing argument ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">85. Couplet || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Two consecutive lines of verse that have the same end rhyme
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">86. Credible || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Worthy of belief; trustworthy ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">87. Crisis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">88. Critique || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An assessment or analysis of something such as a passage of writing for the purpose of determining what it is, what its limitations are, and how it conforms to the standard of the genre ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">89. Cumulative Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">90. Cynicism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An attitude of scornful or jaded negativity, especially a general distrust of the integrity or professed motives of others ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">91. Dactylic foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A three-syllable foot that consists of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">92. Damning with faint praise || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Ex.> “Well, you will probably do okay on the AP test.” ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">93. Declarative Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence that makes a statement or declaration ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">94. Deductive Reasoning || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">95. Denotation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The literal meaning of a word - its dictionary definition ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">96. Denouement || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The final solution or outcome (resolution) of a play or story ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">97. Dependent Clause || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A dependent clause (also embedded clause, subordinate clause) cannot stand alone as a [|sentence]. In itself, a dependent clause does not express a complete [|thought]; therefore, it is usually attached to an [|independent clause]. Although a dependent clause contains a [|subject] and a [|predicate], it sounds incomplete when standing alone. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">98. Descriptive detail || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A detail that is intended to render a clear image or impression in a reader’s mind ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">99. Devices of Sound || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The technique of arranging words to create a mood, or a general effect of pleasant or harsh sound, to imitate another sound, or to reflect a meaning ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">100. Detail || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Items or parts that form a larger picture or story. Authors __choose__ or __select details__ to create effects in their works or evoke responses from the reader. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">101. Dialect || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">102. Dialectal journal || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">103. Dialogue || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Conversation between two or more people ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">104. Diction || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The word choices made by a writer to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">105. Didactic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">106. Digression || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of material unrelated to the subject of a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">107. Dilemma || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A situation that requires a person to decide between two equally attractive or equally unattractive alternatives ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">108. Direct
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">109. Dissonance || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">110. Documentation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">111. Dramatic Irony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">In drama and fiction, facts or situations are known to the reader or audience but not to the characters. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">112. Dramatic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">113. Dramatic Poem || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A narrative poem in which one or more characters speak. Each speaker always addresses a specific listener. This listener may be silent but identifiable, or the listener may be another character who carries on a dialogue with the first speaker ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">114. Dynamic Character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character who undergoes a permanent change in outlook or character during the story (developing character) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">115. Elegiac || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">116. Elegy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">117. Ellipsis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (Some people prefer cats; others, dogs"). ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">118. Empathy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The act of putting yourself in someone else’s place and experiencing what that person must feel ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">119. End-stopped || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A line with a pause at the end. Lines that end with a period, comma, colon, semicolon, exclamation point, or question mark are end-stopped lines. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">120. Enjambment || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The running on of the thought from one line, couplet, or stanza to the next without a syntactical break ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">121. Epic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A long narrative poem written in elevated style which presents the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">122. Epigram || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A brief, witty, and often paradoxical saying ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">123. Epigraph || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A saying or statement on the title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">124. Epiphany || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A moment of sudden revelation or insight ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">125. Epistrophe || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">In rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">126. Epitaph || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Writing in praise of the deceased, most often an inscription on a tombstone or burial place ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">127. Epithet || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed Achilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name. Epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition. For example, athletes may be proud of their given epithets ("The Rocket"). ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">128. Equivocation ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">129. Ethos || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">In rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator (Who is this person saying what, and what makes him able to say so?)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">130. Eulogy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A formal speech praising a person who has died ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">131. Euphemism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">132. Euphony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Sound patterns used in verse to achieve opposite effects: euphony is pleasing and harmonious; __cacophony__ is harsh and discordant. Euphony is achieved through the use of vowel sounds in words of generally serene imagery. Vowel sounds, which are more easily pronounced than consonants, are more euphonious; the longer vowels are the most melodious. Liquid and nasal consonants and the semivowel sounds (l, m, n, r, y, w) are also considered to be euphonious. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">133. Excerpt || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A part taken from a book, etc. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">134. Exclamatory Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">135. Explication || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Literally, an “unfolding.” In an explication, an entire poem is explained in detail, addressing every element and unraveling any complexities as a means of analysis ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">136. Explication of text || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Explanation of a text’s meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">137. Expletive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">138. Exposition || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">-A type of writing that is intended to make clear or to explain something that might otherwise be difficult to understand
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">139. Extended
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">140. Fable || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">141. Facts || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Information that is true or demonstrable ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">142. Factual evidence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Evidence that is empirically verifiable ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">143. Fallacy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference. [] ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">144. Falling action || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The events after the climax which close the story ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">145. False dilemma || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Oversimplifying a complex issue so that only two choices appear possible ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">146. Fantasy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A story that concerns an unreal world or contains unreal characters; a fantasy may be merely whimsical, or it may present a serious point ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">147. Farce || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Literature based on a highly humorous and highly unlikely plot ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">148. Fiction || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The class of literature comprising works of imaginative narration, especially in prose form such as novels or short stories ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">149. Figurative
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">150. Figure of speech || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">151. First Person Point of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. He can’t tell us thoughts of other characters. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">152. Flashback || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">(also known as __retrospection__) The insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">153. Flat Character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">154. Foil || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character who provides a contrast to the protagonist ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">155. Folk Ballad || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Ballads composed by __anonymous__ poets and are passed down orally from generation to generation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">156. Foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The smallest repeated pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poetic line; a unit of meter ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">157. Foreshadowing || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">158. Fragment || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">159. Frame Story || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A story within a story. An example is Chaucer's Canterbury Tales//, in which the primary tales are told within the "frame story" of the pilgrimage to Canterbury.// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">160. Free Verse || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Poetry which is not written in a traditional meter but is still rhythmical. The poetry of Walt Whitman is perhaps the best-known example of free verse. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">161. Gambler’s fallacy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The **gambler's fallacy**, also known as the **Monte Carlo fallacy** or the **fallacy of the maturity of chances**, is the belief that if deviations from expected behavior are observed in repeated [|independent] trials of some [|random process], then these deviations are likely to be evened out by opposite deviations in the future. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">162. Genre || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A major category or type of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">163. Golden mean || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">164. Grotesque || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Characterized by distortions or incongruities. The fiction of Poe or Flannery O’Connor is often described as grotesque. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">165. Heptastich || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A strophe, stanza, or poem consisting of seven lines or verses ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">166. Heroic Couplet || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines – rhymed aa, bb, ee with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">167. Hexameter || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A line containing six feet ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">168. Homily || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A [|sermon illustration] or a moralistic lecture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">169. Hortatory || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Urging, or strongly encouraging ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">170. Hyperbole || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Intentional exaggeration to create an effect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">171. Hypothetical Question || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A question that raises a hypothesis, conjecture, or supposition ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">172. Hubris || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">173. Iambic foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A two-syllable foot with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">174. Idiom || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">175. Imagery || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">176. Imperative || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The mood of a verb that gives an order
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">177. Implication || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/sender __implies__; the reader/audience __infers__. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">178. Inciting force || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The event or character that triggers the conflict ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">179. Independent Clause || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An independent clause (or main clause, matrix clause) is a [|clause] that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable [|//simple sentence//]. Independent clauses express a complete thought and contain a [|subject] and a [|predicate]. Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">180. Indirect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">181. Inductive Reasoning || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Deriving general principles from particular facts or instances (Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals.)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">182. Inference/infer || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. __When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it is unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong.__ ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">183. Internal Rhyme || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Rhyme that occurs within //a line, rather than at the end//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">184. Invective || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">185. Inversion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">186. Inverted syntax || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Switching of the customary word order; for example, placing an adjective after the noun it modifies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">187. Ironic mockery || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Damning with praise ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">188. Irony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">189. Isocolon || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length. For example, the Biblical admonition, “Many are called, but few are chosen,” is an isocolon. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">190. Jargon || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">191. Juxtaposition || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">192. Legend || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">193. Limerick || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Light verse consisting of five lines of regular rhythm in which the first, second, and fifth lines (each consisting of three feet) rhyme, and the third and fourth lines (each consisting of two feet) rhyme ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">194. Limited Narrator || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">195. Literal || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Not figurative; accurate to the letter; matter of fact or concrete ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">196. Literary Ballads || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Ballads composed and written down by identifiable authors ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">197. Literary Elements || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Includes all of the elements in a story: plot, characterization, point of view, conflict, foreshadowing, irony, tone/mood, symbolism, theme, imagery, figurative language ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">198. Literary License || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Deviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect (intentional sentence fragments, for example) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">199. Litotes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, “It was not a pretty picture.”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">200. Logos || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Rhetorical argument that appeals to the use of reason- logic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">201. Loose sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">(a term from syntax) a long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases; for example, “The child ran, frenzied and ignoring all hazards, as if being chased by demons.” ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">202. Lyric || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Poetry that has the form and musical quality of a song, especially the character of a songlike outpouring of the poet’s own thoughts and feelings ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">203. Lyrical || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Songlike; characterized by emotion, subjectivity, and imagination ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">204. Malapropism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription”.) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">205. Maxim || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A concise statement, often offering advice; an adage ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">206. Memoir || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An account of one’s personal life and experiences ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">207. Metaphor || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A figure of speech in which a comparison is expressed without using “like”, “as”, or “than.”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">208. Meter || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Poetic measure; arrangement of words in regularly measured, patterned, or rhythmic lines or verses ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">209. Metonymy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting]”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">210. Mode of discourse || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The way in which information is presented in written or spoken form: narration, description, exposition (cause and effect, process analysis, comparison/contrast), and argumentation ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">211. Modifier || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">212. Modify || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">To restrict or limit in meaning. In the phrase “large, shaggy dog,” the two adjectives modify the noun. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">213. Monologue || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Any speech or narrative presented wholly by one person to others who do not interrupt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">214. Mood || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The emotional atmosphere of a work; writer/narrator’s attitude and point of view ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">215. Moral || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The particular value or lesson the author is trying to get across to the reader ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">216. Motif || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">217. Motivation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character’s incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">218. Myth || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A traditional story presenting supernatural characters and episodes that help explain natural events ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">219. Nadir || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An extreme state of adversity; the lowest point of anything ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">220. Narration || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Retelling an event or series of events ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">221. Narrative || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort, based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">222. Narrative Poetry || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Non-dramatic poetry that tells a story or presents a narrative ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">223. Narrative
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">224. Narrator || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The one who tells the story; may be first- or third-person, limited, or omniscient ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">225. Naturalism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An extreme form of realism in which the author tries to show the relation of a person to the environment or surroundings ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">226. Nominalization || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Turning a verb or adjective into a noun ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">227. Non Sequitur || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally, “does not follow”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">228. Non-fiction || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Writing that deals with facts or real events ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">229. Objective Language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The author plays the role of a critical documenter of ideas, facts, and arguments. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">230. Objective Point of
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">231. Occasion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">232. Occam’s razor || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Occam's Razor **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, also **Ockham's Razor**,[|[1]] is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English [|logician] and [|Franciscan] [|friar], [|William of Ockham]. The principle states that the explanation of any [|phenomenon] should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating those that make no difference in the observable predictions of the explanatory [|hypothesis] or [|theory].
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">233. Octave || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A group of eight lines of poetry, especially the first eight lines of a Petrarchan sonnet. Also called octet//.//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">234. Ode || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A lyric poem typically of elaborate or irregular metrical form and expressive of exalted or enthusiastic emotion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">235. Omniscient Point
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">236. Onomatopoeia || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">237. (Over) generalization || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement or conclusion that is perhaps true, but too non-specific to be meaningful
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">238. Oxymoron || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">239. Pacing || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">240. Parable || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">241. Paradox || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">242. Parallelism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">243. Paraphrase || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A restatement of a text in a different form or in different words, often for the purpose of clarity ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">244. Parenthetical || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">245. Parody || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A humorous imitation of a serious work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">246. Passive language || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">247. Pathetic fallacy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The poetic convention whereby natural phenomena which cannot feel as humans do are described as if they could: thus rain ‐ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">clouds may ‘weep’, or flowers may be ‘joyful’ in sympathy with the poet's (or imagined speaker's) mood. The pathetic fallacy normally involves the use of some metaphor which falls short of full ‐ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">scale personification in its treatment of the natural world. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">248. Pathos || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">249. Pedantic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Characterized by an excessive display of learning or scholarship ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">250. Pedestrian Language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Lacking wit or imagination ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">251. Pentameter || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A line of poetry containing five feet. The iambic pentameter is the most common line in English verse written before 1950. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">252. Periodic Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">253. Periphrasis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">a style of writing that involves indirect ways of expressing things (see __circumlocution__) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">254. Persona || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">255. Personification || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">256. Persuasive Essay || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Persuasive writing, also known as an [|argument], is used to convince the reader of a writer’s argument(s) relating to a debatable issue. Persuasive writing involves convincing the reader to perform an action, or it may simply consist of an argument(s) convincing the reader of the writer’s point of view. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">257. Philippie || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A strong verbal denunciation. The term comes from the orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedonia in the fourth century. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">258. Plot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The action of a narrative or drama ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">259. Poetic License || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The term used to mean that a poet or other professional writer is allowed to break rules of spelling, grammar, form, or citation to make the rhyme or meter or general effect better suit the purpose ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">260. Point of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The vantage point from which a story is told ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">261. Poisoning the Well || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> This sort of "
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Therefore any claims person A makes will be false.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">262. Polemic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">263. Polysyndeton || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">264. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- [|Latin] for "after this, therefore because (on account) of this", is a [|logical fallacy] (of the [|questionable cause] variety) which states, "Since that event followed //this one, that event must have been// caused //by this one." It is often shortened to simply// post hoc //and is also sometimes referred to as false cause, coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">265. Premise; major, minor || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">266. Propaganda || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">267. Prose || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The ordinary form of spoken or written language, without metrical structure – not poetry or verse ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">268. Protagonist || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The main character in the story; the character who is changed or who grows or learns as a result of the conflict ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">269. Pun || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">270. Purpose || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">One’s intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">271. Pyrrhic Foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">(In poetry) – a foot that consists of two unstressed syllables ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">272. Qualification || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Words or phrases that limit the force of an author’s claim ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">273. Quatrain || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A stanza or poem of four lines, usually with alternate rhymes ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">274. Realism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Literature that attempts to represent life as it really is ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">275. Reasoning in a circle || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Circular logic, tautological (repetition of same sense in different words)reasoning, “begging the question” ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">276. Red herring || Something that draws attention away from the central issue, as in - Talking about the new plant is a red herring to keep us from learning about downsizing plans. The herring in this expression is red and strong-smelling from being preserved by smoking. The idiom alludes to dragging a smoked herring across a trail to cover up the scent and throw off tracking dogs. [Late 1800s] ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">277. Refutation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The act of discrediting an argument, particularly a counterargument ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">278. Relativism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">279. Reliability || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A quality of some fictional narrators whose word the reader can trust ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">280. Repetition || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Where a specific word, phrase, or structure is repeated several times, usually in close proximity, to emphasize a particular idea. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">281. Resolution (Denouement) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The falling action of a narrative; the events following the climax ; rounds out and concludes the action ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">282. Resources of
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">283. Rhetoric || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">284. Rhetorical Devices || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">285. Rhetorical Modes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">286. Rhetorical purpose || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The objective governing the choice of the various rhetorical features of a piece of writing; why the writer chose this //word or// that //metaphor, etc.// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">287. Rhetorical Question || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">288. Rhetorical Strategy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The means by which a writer creates his or her expression of meaning through the choice of diction, syntax, figurative language, detail, or other formal features of writing ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">289. Rhetorical Techniques || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Devices of effective or persuasive language, such as contrast, repetition, rhetorical question, paradox, understatement, and syllogism ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">290. Rhetorical triangle || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">291. Rhyme Royal || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> A seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">292. Rhyme Scheme || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The pattern of rhymes used in a poem, usually marked by letters to symbolize correspondences, as rhyme royal, ababbcc ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">293. Riddle || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A question requiring thought to answer or understand; a puzzle or conundrum ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">294. Rising action || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A series of events that build from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">295. Romance || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A form of literature that presents life as we would like it to be rather than as it actually is. Usually, romance has a great deal of adventure, love, and excitement. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">296. Romanticism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The literary movement beginning in the late 18th century that stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">297. Round Character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">298. Sarcasm || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">299. Sardonic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Disdainfully or skeptically humorous; derisively mocking ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">300. Satire || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">301. Scapegoat || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A person or group that bears the blame for another ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">302. Scene || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A real or fictional episode; a division of an act in a play ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">303. Scheme || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">304. Sentence patterns || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions – such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">305. Sestet || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The last six lines of a sonnet in the Italian form, considered as a unit ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">306. Setting || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The time, place, and environment in which action takes place ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">307. Simile || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A comparison of two things using “like,” “as,” or other specifically comparative words ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">308. Simple Sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">309. Situational Irony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">When events end up the opposite of what is expected ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">310. Sketch || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A short piece of writing that reveals or shows something important about a person or fictional character ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">311. Slippery slope || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Therefore, event Y will inevitably happen.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">312. Solecism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Nonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">313. Soliloquy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud. A __monologue__ also has a single speaker, but the monologist speaks to others who do not interrupt. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">314. Sonnet || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Normally a fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem. The conventional __Italian or Petrarchan sonnet__ is rhymed abba, abba, cde, cde; the __English or Shakespearean sonnet__ is rhymed abab, cdcd, efef, gg. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">315. Source || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">316. Spatial description || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Description of physical space ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">317. Spondaic foot || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">In a line of poetry, a foot that consists of two stressed syllables
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">318. Stanza || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Usually a repeated grouping of three or more lines with the same meter and rhyme scheme ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">319. Static Character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A literary character who remains basically unchanged throughout a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">320. Stereotype || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A character representing generalized racial or social traits, repeated as typical from work to work with no individualizing traits; his or her nature is immediately familiar to the reader (the mad scientist, the talkative cab driver, the temperamental movie star) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">321. Stock Character || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A conventional character type belonging by custom to given forms of literature: the vengeance-seeking hero and scheming villain in tragedy; the cruel stepmother and prince charming in fairy tales; the irate police captain and resourceful detective in detective stories. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">322. Straw man || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent’s position ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">323. Stream of
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">324. Structure || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">325. Style || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">326. Stylistic devices/aspects of style || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The means by which a writer or speaker expresses his attitude ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">327. Subject Complement || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A word or group of words, usually functioning as an adjective or noun, that is used in the predicate to describe or rename the subject of the sentence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">328. Subjective Language || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The use of ‘I’ in writing in combination with the use of ‘flowery’ language laden with adjectives ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">329. Subordinate Clause || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">330. Subordination || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">331. Substantive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Writing should be:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">332. Superlative || <span style="font-family: 'Elephant','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">An adjective or adverb expressing the superlative degree, as in brightest, //the superlative of the adjective// bright, //or// most brightly, //the superlative of the adverb// brightly.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">333. Support/Qualify/Refute || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Use of appropriate evidence to develop one’s position when writing an argumentative essay ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">334. Surrealism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and characterized by incongruous juxtapositions and lack of conscious control ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">335. Syllepsis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A construction in which one word is used in two different senses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">336. Syllogism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise (“All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal”). ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">337. Symbolism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A person, place, or object which has a meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well. Things, characters, and actions can be symbols. Some symbols are conventional, generally meaning the same thing to all readers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">338. Synecdoche || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Using one part of an object to represent the entire object (for example, referring to a car simply as “wheels”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">339. Synesthesia or
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">340. Syntax || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The manner in which words are arranged into sentences ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">341. Synthesize || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">342. Tautology || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Needless repetition which adds no meaning or understanding (“widow woman,” “free gift”) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">343. Tercet || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A group of three lines rhyming together or connected by rhyme with the adjacent group or groups of three lines ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">344. Terza Rima || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc. Dante’s Divine Comedy //is written in Terza Rima.// ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">345. Tetrameter || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A line of poetry containing four feet ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">346. Theme || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A central or dominant idea or focus of a work. The statement a passage makes about its subject ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">347. Thesis || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The primary position taken by a writer or speaker ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">348. Thesis statement || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A statement of the central idea in a work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">349. Third- Person Objective Point Of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts of the characters. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">350. Third- Person Limited Point of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one of the characters. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">351. Third-Person Omniscient Point of View || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">352. Tone || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The attitude of a writer/narrator, usually implied, toward the subject or audience
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">353. Topic || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The subject treated in a paragraph or work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">354. Topic sentence || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph’s idea and often unites it with the work’s thesis ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">355. Tragedy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A work in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in ruin or destruction ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">356. Transition || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Words and phrases serve as bridges from one idea to the next, one sentence to the next, or one paragraph to the next. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">357. Trilogy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A work in three parts, each of which is a complete work in itself ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">358. Trite || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Overused and hackneyed ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">359. Trochaic foot || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A two-syllable foot that consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">360. Trope || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Words used with a decided change or extension in their literal meaning; the use of a word in a figurative sense
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">361. Turning Point || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The point in a work in which a very significant change occurs ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">362. Understatement || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">363. Universal theme || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;"> Theme is the message about life that the author wants to convey to readers. It is __universal__ when it transcends race, gender, sexual preference, and creed. Some examples of this are love, peace, friendship, or any other concepts about life that can apply to any and everyone. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">364. Unity || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">An ordering of all elements in a work of literature so that each contributes to a unified aesthetic effect ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">365. Usage || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The customary way language or its elements are used ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">366. Validity || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">Validity is the strength of our conclusions, inferences, or propositions. More formally, Cook and Campbell (1979) define it as the "best available approximation to the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion." In short, were we right? ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">367. Verbal Irony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">What the author/narrator says is actually the opposite of what is meant ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">368. Verisimilitude || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The semblance of truth; a characteristic whereby the setting, circumstances, characters, actions, and outcomes in a work are designed to seem true, lifelike, real, plausible, and probable ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">369. Vernacular || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">370. Viewpoint || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The attitude of the narrating persona toward events, other characters, or ideas. A shift of viewpoint may enhance meaning. Viewpoint may shift because of a character’s place in time or because of a change in understanding. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">371. Voice in Literature || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A language style adopted by an author to create the effect of a particular speaker. The voice of a literary piece can be the author or a character (person, animal, or thing) created by the author. Especially in poetry, readers should not always assume that the voice is that of the poet. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">372. Voice in Writing || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The personality and distinct way of “talking on paper” that allow a reader to “hear” a human personality in a piece of writing. Voice is the individual “sound” of one’s writing, closely interwoven with other elements of style. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">373. Warrant || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">In the Toulmin argument analysis system, the statement of belief, value, principle, and so on, that, when accepted by an audience, warrants or underwrites ones claim ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">374. Weasel words || ** Weasel words ** are generally considered to be words or phrases that seemingly support statements without attributing opinions to verifiable sources. They give the force of authority to a [|statement] without letting the reader decide whether the source of the opinion is reliable. If a statement can't stand on its own without weasel words, it lacks [|neutral point of view] ; either a source for the statement should be found, or the statement should be removed. If a statement can stand without weasel words, they may be undermining its neutrality and the statement may be better off standing without them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">375. Wit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">The quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">376. Zeugma || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in -0.1in 0pt 0in;">A grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated. Often used for comic effect (“the thief __took__ __my wallet__ and the Fifth Avenue __bus__”) ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Rhetorical Terms Assignment <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Format-

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Definition **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the rhetorical term selected  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> B) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Quotation **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> followed by the source, page number, author in parentheses <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> C) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Function **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the quotation as it applies to the passage. How does the writer’s use of this term enhance the message of this piece? What is the overall effect? Comment on the author’s use of this term as it apples to the significance/theme of piece. (400-450 words)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> D) **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Incorporate visual media to aid in clarification. **

AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES

© 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.

Question 1

The score should reflect a judgment of the essay’s quality as a whole. Remember that students had only 15 minutes to read the sources and 40 minutes to write; the essay, therefore, is not a finished product and should not be judged by standards appropriate for an out-of-class assignment. Evaluate the essay as a draft, making certain to reward students for what they do well. All essays, even those scored 8 or 9, may contain occasional lapses in analysis, prose style or mechanics. Such features should enter into the holistic evaluation of an essay’s overall quality. In no case may an essay with many distracting errors in grammar and mechanics be scored higher than a 2.

9 Essays earning a score of 9 meet the criteria for a score of 8 and, in addition, are especially sophisticated in their argument, thorough in development or impressive in their control of language.

8 Effective

Essays earning a score of 8 develop a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They develop their position by effectively synthesizing* at least three of the sources. The evidence and explanations used are appropriate and convincing. Their prose demonstrates a consistent ability to control a wide range of the elements of effective writing but is not necessarily flawless.
 * effectively **

7 Essays earning a score of 7 meet the criteria for a score of 6 but provide more complete explanation, more thorough development or a more mature prose style.

6 Adequate

Essays earning a score of 6 ** adequately ** develop a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They develop their position by adequately synthesizing at least three of the sources. The evidence and explanations used are appropriate and sufficient. The language may contain lapses in diction or syntax, but generally the prose is clear.

5 Essays earning a score of 5 develop a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They develop their position by synthesizing at least three sources, but how they use and explain sources is somewhat uneven, inconsistent or limited. The argument is generally clear, and the sources generally develop the student’s position, but the links between the sources and the argument may be strained. The writing may contain lapses in diction or syntax, but it usually conveys the student’s ideas adequately. ___

∗ For the purposes of scoring, synthesis // means referring to sources to develop a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction and citing them accurately.

AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES

© 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.

Question 1 (continued)

4 Inadequate

Essays earning a score of 4 ** inadequately ** develop a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They develop their position by synthesizing at least two sources, but the evidence or explanations used may be inappropriate, insufficient or less convincing. The sources may dominate the student’s attempts at development; the link between the argument and the sources may be weak; or the student may misunderstand, misrepresent or oversimplify the sources. The prose generally conveys the student’s ideas but may be less consistent in controlling the elements of effective writing.

3 Essays earning a score of 3 meet the criteria for a score of 4 but demonstrate less success in developing a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They are less perceptive in their understanding of the sources, or their explanation or examples may be particularly limited or simplistic. The essays may show less maturity in control of writing.

2 Little Success

Essays earning a score of 2 demonstrate ** little success ** in developing a position that evaluates the most important factors that schools should consider before deciding to use particular technologies in curriculum and instruction. They may merely allude to knowledge gained from reading the sources rather than citing the sources themselves. These essays may misread the sources, fail to develop a position that evaluates, or substitute a simpler task by merely summarizing or categorizing the sources or by merely responding to the prompt tangentially with unrelated, inaccurate or inappropriate explanation. The prose of these essays often demonstrates consistent weaknesses in writing, such as grammatical problems, a lack of development or organization, or a lack of control.

1 Essays earning a score of 1 meet the criteria for a score of 2 but are undeveloped, especially simplistic in their explanation, weak in their control of writing or do not allude to or cite even one source.

0 Indicates an on-topic response that receives no credit, such as one that merely repeats the prompt.

— Indicates a blank response or one that is completely off topic.